验货挖掘机时，主要是检查其结构完整性、功能性能、机械部件、操作系统以及安全性等多个方面。以下是挖掘机验货的详细步骤：
1. 外观检查
外观损伤：检查挖掘机的外观，确保没有明显的外部损伤、凹陷或划痕。特别是履带、发动机罩、液压系统外壳等地方，检查是否有撞击痕迹。
焊接点和连接部件：检查挖掘机的焊接点、螺丝连接部位是否牢固，没有松动或断裂迹象。任何焊接部位的裂缝或脱落都可能影响设备的稳定性。
2. 液压系统检查
液压油：检查液压油的油位和油质。油位过低或油质差（如混入杂质、出现泡沫）可能会导致液压系统失效或工作不稳定。
液压管路： 检查液压管路是否有漏油现象，管道是否老化或损坏。特别是高压管路和接头部分。
液压泵和马达： 确保液压泵、马达工作正常，转动时无异常噪音或振动。
3. 发动机检查
发动机状态：检查发动机外观，确保没有漏油、漏水等现象。检查发动机机油、冷却液、空气滤清器等部件的状态。
启动检查：启动发动机，听发动机声音是否平稳，是否有异常噪音。发动机启动后应迅速平稳运转，烟雾应少且无异味。
排放检查： 检查排气系统，确保排放符合标准，无过多黑烟或异味。
4. 操作系统与控制检查
驾驶室检查：确认驾驶室内部整洁、座椅舒适，操作手柄和踏板是否正常。检查仪表盘上的各项指示灯、显示屏是否正常工作。
液晶显示系统：如果挖掘机配备了液晶显示系统，检查其是否正常显示操作信息，如油温、发动机转速、液压系统压力等。
操作控制：检查控制手柄、按钮、操纵杆等是否灵活且响应迅速。操作系统是否顺畅，无卡滞现象。
5. 底盘和履带检查
履带状况：检查履带的磨损程度和张紧度。履带板是否有裂纹或缺损，履带链条是否松弛或有锈蚀。
轮毂和驱动装置：检查轮毂是否有松动，传动轴和驱动装置的润滑是否到位，确保驱动系统运转顺畅。
底盘清洁度： 确保底盘清洁，无泥土、油污等杂物堆积，尤其是履带和转向系统附近。
6. 挖掘臂和铲斗检查
挖掘臂检查：检查挖掘臂的铰接部位、油缸连接部位、焊接点等是否完好，是否有裂纹、磨损或变形。
铲斗检查：检查铲斗的磨损程度，特别是铲斗前缘的磨损情况。如果是二手设备，铲斗的磨损严重可能影响使用效果。
油缸检查：检查油缸是否有漏油现象，油缸的密封是否完好。检查液压油缸在伸缩、旋转时的运动是否平稳。
7. 电气系统检查
电池检查： 检查电池电压和接线是否牢固，电池无腐蚀，确保电力系统正常。
电气元件：检查所有电气元件（如灯光、警示灯、电子传感器等）是否正常工作，尤其是在液晶显示、传感器和报警系统等方面。
8. 转向和制动系统检查
转向系统：检查转向系统是否灵活，操作时是否有卡滞或异常声音。确保转向机油充足，液压转向系统工作正常。
制动系统：确保制动系统有效，检查刹车油液位和刹车片的磨损情况。测试刹车时，感受刹车是否灵敏、稳定。
9. 测试操作
功能测试：在没有负载的情况下，进行一次全面的功能测试，检查所有液压功能、转向功能、操作功能是否正常。
噪音和振动：启动机器并进行空载运行，检查机器在工作时是否有过大的噪音或异常振动。正常运行时，机器应该保持平稳，不应发出不正常的噪音。
10. 检查操作手册和维修记录
操作手册： 确保设备配备完整的操作手册，并且手册中列明了设备的维护周期、保养建议等。
维修记录：如果是二手挖掘机，查看其维修和保养记录，确保设备没有重大维修历史，并且有定期的保养和检查记录。
在验货挖掘机时，务必关注其结构、液压系统、发动机状态、操作系统、底盘、履带、铲斗、转向和制动系统等多个方面。通过全面的检查，确保挖掘机的各项功能正常，机械部件无损坏，液压系统稳定，且没有安全隐患。进行现场操作测试是验货过程中bukehuoque的步骤，确保设备在实际使用中没有问题。
Inspecting an excavator involves a thoroughcheck of its mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical systems, as wellas its overall structural integrity and operational functions.Whether you're buying a new or used excavator, here’s acomprehensive guide on how to inspect it:
1. Visual Inspection (Exterior Check)
Overall Condition: Inspect the excavator'sexterior for any obvious signs of damage,including dents, cracks, rust, or worn-out parts. Check for any leaks or stains, particularly around the enginecompartment and undercarriage.
Chassis and Frame: Look for any structuraldamage or bent parts in the frame, particularlyaround the boom, arm, and bucket areas. Ensure there are no cracks or bends that could compromise the structuralintegrity.
Undercarriage (Tracks orWheels):
Tracks: For tracked excavators, inspect thetrack shoes for wear, cracks, and damage.Check if the tracks are evenly worn and whether they are properly tensioned. Look for loose or missing trackbolts.
Rollers and Idlers: Check the rollers andidlers for excessive wear or leakage from theseals.
Final Drive and Gearbox:Check for any leakage or damage in the finaldrive gear system.
Wheels (for wheeled excavators): Inspect the tires for even wear, cracks, and punctures.
2. Engine and Powertrain Inspection
Engine Condition:
Visual Check: Look for leaks, oil stains, ordamage around the engine block. Check theengine oil level and quality; it should be clean and at the correct level.
Start the Engine: Start the engine and listenfor unusual noises. A healthy engine shouldstart smoothly and run quietly. Excessive smoke (especially black or blue) could indicate internal problems.
Exhaust and Emissions:Check the exhaust for excessive smoke. Blacksmoke may indicate improper combustion, while blue smoke could suggest engine oil burning.
Cooling System: Check the coolant level andinspect the radiator for any signs of damage orleaks. Ensure that the cooling fan is functioning properly.
Fuel System: Inspect the fuel lines and filterfor any leaks or blockages. Fuel should beclean and free of contaminants.
Hydraulic System: Look for leaks or cracks inthe hydraulic hoses, lines, and cylinders.Hydraulic fluid should be at the correct level.
3. Hydraulic System and Components
Hydraulic Oil Level: Ensure the hydraulic oilis at the recommended level and free fromcontamination (look for clarity and check for metal shavings orother particles).
Hydraulic Cylinders: Check all hydrauliccylinders (on the arm, boom, and bucket) forleaks, dents, or damage. Ensure that seals are intact and there isno excessive play in the joints.
Hydraulic Pump: Inspect the hydraulic pump forany unusual noises or leaks. The pump shouldrun smoothly without significant vibration or noise.
Hydraulic Filters: Inspect hydraulic filtersand change them if necessary. Clogged filterscan cause hydraulic system failure.
4. Boom, Arm, and Bucket Inspection
Boom and Arm: Check the condition of the boomand arm for any signs of wear, cracks, ordamage. Look for excessive play or movement in the joints, which could indicate worn-out bushings or pins.
Bucket: Inspect the bucket for excessive wear,cracks, and deformations, especially on thecutting edges. Check the teeth for wear, andensure they are securely attached. Look for signs of damage to the bucket's back or side walls.
Pins and Bushings: Check the pins and bushingsfor wear or play. Worn-out pins can cause themachine to lose stability and precision.
Quick Coupler: If the excavator has a quickcoupler system, ensure it operates smoothly andlocks securely.
5. Cabin and Operator Controls
Cabin Interior: Inspect the cabin forcleanliness, visibility, and safety. Check thatwindows and mirrors are intact and free of cracks or damage.
Seat and Controls: Ensure the operator seat isadjustable, comfortable, and in good condition.Test all operator controls (joysticks, pedals, levers) for smooth operation and responsiveness. They should movefreely without resistance or sticking.
Dashboard and Instruments:Check all gauges (engine temperature, fuellevel, hydraulic pressure) and warning lights to ensure they function correctly. The dashboard should displayaccurate readings.
Air Conditioning/Heating:If the cabin has air conditioning or heating,ensure it works properly and provides a comfortable environment for the operator.
6. Electrical and Lighting System
Battery: Check the battery terminals forcorrosion or loose connections. Ensure that thebattery is securely mounted and fully charged.
Wiring: Inspect electrical wiring for damage,fraying, or wear, especially aroundhigh-traffic areas where wires can be pinched or exposed to elements.
Lights and Signals: Test all lights(headlights, brake lights, work lights, turn signals) to ensure they are functioning properly.
7. Operational Test
Test Movement: While the excavator is inoperation, test all movements, including theboom, arm, bucket, swing, and tracks (or wheels). The machine should move smoothly without any jerky or delayedresponses.
Hydraulic Performance: Test the hydraulicfunctions, including lifting, digging, and lowering, to make sure the hydraulics are responsive andperform as expected.
Noise Levels: Pay attention to any unusualnoise while the machine is in operation.Excessive noise could indicate issues with the engine, hydraulics, or moving parts.
Check for Leaks: While the excavator isrunning, check for any visible hydraulic, fuel,or coolant leaks, as well as any abnormal vibrations.
8. Brakes and Steering
Braking System: Test the excavator’s brakingsystem by activating it and ensuring themachine stops immediately and smoothly. Listen for any unusual sounds like grinding or squeaking.
Steering: Check the steering controls forresponsiveness. Test turning the excavator bothin forward and reverse to ensure it moves smoothly and without hesitation.
9. Service and Maintenance Records (for usedmachines)
Service History: If purchasing a usedexcavator, request detailed service and maintenance records. Verify that routine maintenance has beenperformed and that major components have beenserviced or replaced when needed.
Inspection Reports: Ask for any past inspectionreports or certificates of the excavator toensure it meets all necessary safety standards and has passed prior checks.
10. Final Check: Documentation andCertifications
Serial Numbers: Verify that the serial numberon the excavator matches the documentation.This ensures the machine is legitimate and not stolen or subject to any disputes.
Compliance and Certifications: Make sure theexcavator complies with local safety and environmental regulations, including emission standards andoperator safety certifications.
Summary:
Inspecting an excavator involves checking the condition of itskey systems (engine, hydraulics, electrical, etc.), ensuring smoothfunctionality of the moving parts, and confirming that the machinemeets safety and operational standards. This checklist is essentialto avoid costly repairs down the line and to ensure the excavatorwill perform reliably on the job site.
1. Visual Inspection (Exterior Check)
Overall Condition
Chassis and Frame
Undercarriage (Tracks or Wheels):
Tracks
Rollers and Idlers
Final Drive and Gearbox
Wheels (for wheeled excavators)
2. Engine and Powertrain Inspection
Engine Condition:
Visual Check
Start the Engine
Exhaust and Emissions
Cooling System
Fuel System
Hydraulic System
3. Hydraulic System and Components
Hydraulic Oil Level
Hydraulic Cylinders
Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Filters
4. Boom, Arm, and Bucket Inspection
Boom and Arm
Bucket
Pins and Bushings
Quick Coupler
5. Cabin and Operator Controls
Cabin Interior
Seat and Controls
Dashboard and Instruments
Air Conditioning/Heating
6. Electrical and Lighting System
Battery
Wiring
Lights and Signals
7. Operational Test
Test Movement
Hydraulic Performance
Noise Levels
Check for Leaks
8. Brakes and Steering
Braking System
Steering
Service History
Inspection Reports
10. Final Check: Documentation andCertifications
Serial Numbers
Compliance and Certifications
Summary:
